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Ilyushin Il-4
The Ilyushin Il-4 (Cyrillic Илью́шин Ил-4, NATO reporting name: "Bob"〔Gunston 1995, p. XXX.〕) was a Soviet World War II bomber aircraft, widely used by the Soviet Air Force (VVS, ''Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily'').
==Design and development==
In 1938, the Ilyushin design bureau redesigned the Ilyushin DB-3 to ease production and improve its performance, the revised version receiving the designation DB-3F (''Forsirovannyi'' or "boosted"). The aircraft's internal structure, particularly the wings, was extensively changed, eliminating the need for hand finishing of the structure, and with Duralumin replacing the large scale use of steel in the earlier version.〔''Air International'' May 1986, p. 133.〕〔Gunston 1995, pp. 100–101.〕 The aircraft's fuel system was redesigned, increasing its internal capacity while reducing the number of fuel tanks.〔 The fuselage nose was lengthened to give more room for the navigator/bombardier while reducing drag. The prototype DB-3F, powered by the same Tumansky M-87B engines of the DB-3M, was piloted on its maiden flight by Vladimir Kokkinaki on 21 May 1939.〔Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, pp. 91–92.〕 It successfully passed through state acceptance tests and entered production in January 1940, with the Tumansky M-88 quickly replacing the M-87.〔Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 92.〕〔Gunston 1995, p. 102.〕 The DB-3F was redesignated Il-4 in March 1942.〔 Some series had wooden outer wings and front fuselage to conserve metals, and throughout the production engines and fuel tanks were upgraded for more performance while keeping the same range. However the most notable change was the addition of larger defensive guns in the turret, using the 12.7 mm (0.5 in) UBT machine gun in place of the earlier 7.62 mm (0.3 in) weapons. In addition it was found that the gunners were attacked first, so blocks of armor were placed around the gunner positions.
All this extra weight wasn't offset by the newer engines however, and the Il-4 proved to be slower than the earlier versions at only 404 km/h (251 mph). An attempt to improve performance was made as the Il-6, adding large diesel engines and heavier armament. The engine proved unreliable and production was never started. The Il-4 remained in production until 1944, when just over 5,200 had been built.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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